In the developing world, skills in innovation and creative design have emerged as key attributes for graduating designers. Creativity is essential if we want to generate new solutions to the considerable and complex problems in architecture. Metaphor is frequently expressed as a key tool for enhancing creative design, yet little empirical research has been performed on how novice designers can use it within their design. The goal of this study is to empirically research the use of metaphor in the design studio, with a focus on its effects on design creativity and quality. A three-stage method is presented, which allows novice designers to use meanings and metaphors in the early stages of design and idea generation. This method was tested in an architectural studio with two groups as experiment and control groups. The results were evaluated using a qualitative research methodology and a questionnaire was prepared in which the students were requested to assess the use of this method in their design process. Also expert designers evaluated the design outcomes in both control and experiment groups. The results highlight that metaphor is a helpful tool for young designers to stimulate design creativity and has a noticeable effect on design quality factors such as novelty, value, flexibility, usefulness and detail. These research findings have different implication for novice architects and help them enhance creativity and quality in their design endeavors.

Problem statement: As a professional mix of Science and Art, Urban Design always needs skillful people in order to submit suitable results with artistic and functional values. For this purpose, specialists of urban design managed to develop different patterns about designing process. Creative Designing is one of the mentioned processes. Research objectives: The real objective of this paper is to define a process of creative urban design in an urban scale. It may not only consider general steps of creativity but also respect the common process of urban space designing. For this purpose, the main question of this research is: “ What are the various steps of creative designing of urban space? ” This paper intends to examine the extant ideas in the field of creative process and also urban design process and compatibility of these two concepts. Research method: Upon a comprehensive evaluation of current ideas about creative designing in different fields, in this study, the relevant process and upgrading techniques have been extracted with a qualitative method and analytical attitude. Then its compliance with the urban space designing process by the use of focus group was examined. Finally, the steps of the creative designing process of urban space were extracted accordingly. Conclusion: Some of the major factors in the complexity of creativity in urban space designing are complexity and various dimensions of urban space, variety of stakeholder groups, a great number of visual elements and effects of other involved fields in the creation and upgrading the qualities of urban space. Creative designing of urban space is different from other creative designing methods and is applicable in five major steps including 1. Introduction; 2. Focus; 3. Incubation; 4. Illumination; 5. Assessment.

How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

Purpose: The aim of this study is identifying effective indexes of using creative accounting for companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and also ranking those indexes. Methodology: To achieve this aim, firstly by studying research literature, theoretical background and also expert interview, a collection of dimensions, components and indexes related creative accounting were identified and then by performing Fuzzy Delphi 15 important indexes affecting the use of creative accounting in the financial reports of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were screened. Results: by performing the network analysis process, the weight of each of the indexes and their priority over each other were calculated. Conclusion: Results of analytic network process show that "return on assets", "auditor tenure", "net income to sale", "working capital to total assets", and "ratio of total liabilities to equity" have the greatest effect on the use of creative accounting and other indexes are in the next priorities.

Project portfolio management helps organizations to plan, evaluate, prioritize and select the projects as managerial new pattern. This pattern confirms achieving the organizational strategic objectives through integrated management while observing prerequisites between projects. This research has fond the main approach on selecting and prioritizing projects in alignment with general organizational strategy, with focus on some theories about strategies in project oriented organizations. It has selected the most prominent criteria insist on organizational strategic directions by directed interviews. Research finding indicates that in project selection process of the holding companies decision making isn’t parallel with organizational long term objectives and vision due to growing the size of project portfolio in long term horizon. These differences suggest the necessity of certain changes in present patterns and processes of selecting the project portfolio and guarantee to implement organizational strategies in this process successfully. This research has recreated the most prominent criteria of present models by method of problem solving, with assuming the evidences reflect the importance of strategic variable of project in line with organizational vision from the view point of decision makers.

Background: Without consideration for the food system in which healthy food-store interventions (HFIs) are implemented, their effects are likely to be unsustainable. Co-creation of HFIs by interventionists and food-store actors may improve contextual fit and therefore the effectiveness and sustainability of interventions, but there are few case studies on the topic. This study aims to provide insights into the integration of knowledge from contextual actors into HFI designs, through a co-creative process, to illustrate potential challenges, advantages, and outcomes. Methods: We describe the co-creative design of an HFI in a Dutch supermarket chain, conducted through three increasingly in-depth design phases. Each phase consisted of a cycle of theorizing (gather insights from literature, feedback, and pilot studies), building (develop intervention designs), and evaluating (interviews or workshops with supermarket actors, to explore barriers and facilitators for sustainable implementation), feeding back into the next phase (drafting adapted intervention designs, based on feedback, and research input). Interview transcripts underwent a qualitative content analysis. Results: We co-creatively designed four types of interventions to promote healthier food choices in supermarkets: (1) price strategies, (2) product presentation and positioning, (3) signage, and (4) interactive messaging. Interventions were aligned with the culture, structures and practices of the supermarket chain, while simultaneously challenging these system characteristics. For example, the idea of price promotions on healthy foods was well-received and encountered only practical barriers, which were easily resolved. However, the specification of tax-like price increases on unhealthy foods led to substantial resistance on cultural and commercial grounds, which were resolved through support from a key supermarket actor. Conclusion: Our results illustrate the potential benefits of co-creation approaches in HFI design. We reflect on the value of more easily accepted interventions to develop collaborative momentum and more radical interventions to drive more substantial changes.